Taxonomic List of Plants Used/Known

by the Arapaho

Lichen spp

Fungus spp
Boletus edulis [King Bolete Mushroom]
Lycoperdon spp [Puffball Mushroom]

Moss spp

Equisetaceae [Horsetail Fern Family]
Equisetum arvense [Horsetail]; also other Equisetum spp, and probably Hippochaete spp [Scouring-Rush]

Cupressaceae [Cypress Family]
Juniperus communis [Ground or Common Juniper];
Sabina scopulorum [Rocky Mountain Juniper]; possibly other Sabina spp.

Pinaceae [Pine Family]
Abies bifolia [Subalpine Fir]
Picea engelmannii [Engelmann Spruce]
Pseudostuga menziesii [Douglas Fir]
Picea pungens [Colorado Blue Spruce]
Pinus spp (all)
Pinus flexilis [Limber Pine]
Pinus contorta [Lodgepole Pine]

Aceraceae [Maple Family]
Negundo aceroides [Box-Elder]

Acoraceae
Acorus calamus [Sweetflag][??]

Agavaceae [Agave Family]
Yucca glauca Nuttall [Yucca]; possibly other Yucca spp

Alismataceae [Water Plaintain Family]
Sagittaria latifolia [Arrowleaf] [?]

Alliaceae [Onion Family]
Allium spp

Anacardiaceae [Cashew Family]
Rhus aromatica [Skunkbrush]
Toxicodendron rydbergii [Poison Ivy]

Apiaceae [Carrot/Parsley Family]
Angelica spp [Angelica]
Cicuta douglasii [Water Hemlock][?]
Heracleum lanatum [Cow Parsnip]
Lomatium dissectum [White Turnip]
Perideridia gairdneri [Yampa]
Osmorhiza spp (?) [Sweet Cicely]

Araliaceae [Ginseng Family]
Panax quiquefolium [Ginseng]

Asclepiadaceae [Milkweed Family]
Asclepia speciosa [Showy Milkweed]

Asteraceae [Compound Family]
Achillea lanulosa [Yarrow]
Ambrosia spp [Ragweed]
Anaphalis margaritacea [Pearly Everlasting]
Artemisia campestris(?) [Wormwood]
Artemisia frigida [Silver Sage]; Artemisia ludoviciana subsp ludoviciana; probably other Artemisia spp [Sagebrush]
Artemisia ludoviciana subsp incompta [Meadow Sage]
Chrysothamnus spp [Rabbitbrush]
Cirsium spp (probably) [Thistle]
Dugaldia hoopesii [Sneezeweed]
Echinacea pallida ?
Erigeron spp, probably in general [Fleabane]
Grindelia squarrosa [Gumweed]; possibly other Grindelia spp
Lygodesmia juncea [Skeleton Weed]
Rudbeckia spp. (probably hirta) [Black-Eyed Susan]
Senecio spp? S. triangularis?
Taraxacum officinale [Dandelion]
Wyethia spp [Mule’s Ears]

Berberidaceae [Creeping Holly Family]
Mahonia repens [Oregon-Grape]

Betulaceae [Birch Family]
Betula fontinalis [River or Mountain Birch]

Boraginaceae [Forget-me-not Family]
Mertensia ciliata [Chiming Bells, Bluebells, Lungwort]; possibly other Mertensia spp:

Cactaceae [Cactus Family]
Cactaceae spp. in general
Lophophora williamsii [Peyote, Mescal Button];
Opuntia spp [Prickly Pear]
Pediocactus simpsonii [Mountain Ball Cactus]

Calochortaceae [Sego Lily Family]
Calochortus gunnisonii [Mariposa or Sego Lily]:

Campanulaceae [Bellflower Family]
Campanula rotundifolia [Common Harebell]; possibly other Campanula spp.

Caprifoliaceae [Honeysuckle Family]
Sambucus spp [Elderberry]
Symphoricarpos spp
Viburnum spp., most likely V. alnifolium [Hobblebush]

Chenopodiaceae [Goosefoot Family]
Atriplex canescens [Four-winged Saltbush]; possibly other Atriplex spp.
Sarcobatus vermiculatus [Greasewood]
Chenopodiaceae spp

Cornaceae [Dogwood Family]
Swida sericea [Red Osier]

Crassulaceae [Stonecrop Family]
Amerosedum lanceolatum [Yellow Stonecrop]

Cucurbitaceae [Cucumber/Gourd Family]
Cucurbita foetidissima [Gourd]

Cyperaceae [Sedge Family]
Eleocharis spp [Spikerush]
Scirpus and/or Schoenoplectus spp [Bulrush]

Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus commutata [Silverberry]
Shepherdia argentea [Silver Buffaloberry'; Shepherdia canadensis [Buffaloberry]

Ericaceae [Heath Family]
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi [Bearberry, Kinnikinnick]

Fabaceae [Bean/Pea Family]
Amphicarpaea bracteata [Hog Peanut]
Glycyrrhiza lepidota [Licorice Root]; possibly other burr-bearing species by extension, such as Cenchrus spp or Xanthium spp.
Oxytrophis spp [Locoweed]
Pediomelum esculentum [Indian Potato]
Psoralidium lanceolatum probably other Psoralidium spp [Indian Potato]
Trifolium spp [‘Sweet Clover’]
Trifolum pratense [Meadow Clover]

Fagaceae [Oak Family]
Quercus spp [Oak]
Quercus marilandica [Blackjack Oak]

Gentianaceae [Gentian Family]
Frasera speciosa [Monument Plant]
Gentiana lutea [Gentian];

Geraniaceae [Geranium Family]
Geranium spp
Geranium richardsonii (and caespitosum?)

Grossulariaceae [Gooseberry/Currant Family]
Ribes aureum [Golden Currant]; possibly other Ribes spp
Ribes cereum [Wax Currant]
Ribes inerme [Gooseberry]; possibly other Ribes spp
Ribes lacustre? [Prickly Currant]

Juglandaceae [Walnut Family]
Juglans spp? [Walnut]

Juncaceae [Rush Family]
Juncus articus; possibly other Juncus spp [Rush]

Lamiaceae [Mint Family]
Mentha canadensis; Mentha arvensis [Peppermint]
Monarda fistulosa [Bergamot] (or Agastache spp [Hyssop Mint]?)

Liliaceae [Lily Family]
Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh [Avalanche Lily, Dogtooth Violet]

Moraceae [Mulberry Family]
Maclura pomifera [Osage Orange]

Nymphaceae [Water Lily Family]
Nuphar lutea [Pondlily, Waterlily]

Oleaceae [Olive Family]
Fraxinus pensylvanica [Green Ash]

Poaceae [Grass Family]
Poaceae spp. in general [Grass]
Hierochloë hirta [Sweetgrass]
Leymus spp ??? [Wild Rye]
Zea mays [Corn]

Polemoniaceae [Phlox Family]
Ipomopsis congesta [White Gilia]
Phlox spp [Phlox]

Polygonaceae [Buckwheat Family]
Eriogonum spp (?) [Wild Buckwheat]
Eriogonum umbellatum (or similar?) [Sulphur Flower]
Polygonum viviparum and/or bistortoides [Bistort]
Rumex venosus [Dock, Wild-Begonia]

Portulacaceae [Purslane Family]
Lewisia rediviva [Bitterroot]

Ranunculaceae [Buttercup Family]
Hydrastis canadensis [Goldenseal]
Ranunculus glaberrimus [Buttercup]; possibly other Ranunculus spp.
Ranunculus spp
Ranunculus spp

Rosaceae [Rose Family]
Amelanchier alnifolia [Serviceberry]; possibly other Amelanchier spp
Cerasus pensylvanica [Pin Cherry]
Crataegus spp [Hawthorn]
Fragaria spp. in general [Strawberry]
Ivesia gordonii [Ivesia]
Padus virginiana [Chokecherry]
Prunus americana [Wild Plum]; possibly other Prunus spp
Rosa woodsii [Wild Rose]; possibly other Rosa spp
Rubus idaeus [Red Raspberry], possibly other Rubus spp

Salicaceae [Willow/Poplar Family]
Populus tremuloides [Quaking Aspen]
Populus angustifolia [Narrowleaf Cottonwood]
Populus deltoides [Plains Cottonwood]
Salix spp. in general [Willow]
Salix spp., montane, not Sandbar/Coyote, Scouler, or Peachleaf Willows
Salix amygdalloides? [Peachleaf Willow]

Santalaceae [Sandalwood Family]
Comandra pallida [Bastard Toadflax]

Saxifragaceae [Saxifrage Family]
Heuchera glabella [Alumroot]

Scrophulariaceae [Snapdragon Family]
Castilleja spp [Indian Paintbrush]
Castilleja puberula [Sulphur-flowered Indian Paintbrush]
Penstemon spp [Penstemon]
Verbascum thapsis [Mullein]

Solanaceae [Nightshade Family]
Nicotiana attenuata [Tobacco]

Thalictraceae [Meadow Rue Family]
Thalictrum spp [Meadowrue]

Typhaceae [Cattail Family]
Typha latifolia [Cattail]

Ulmaceae [Elm Family]
Celtis reticulata [Hackberry]

Urticaceae [Nettle Family]
Urtica gracilis [Nettle]

Vitaceae [Grape Family]
Vitis spp. in general